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Polarization
Polarization encoding is stored in Basic State objects as a special P Annotation.
Their value follows Jones calculus. Annotations values are represented by two angles \((\theta, \phi)\).
The representation of the polarization in \(\begin{pmatrix}E_h\\E_v\end{pmatrix}\) basis is obtained by applying Jones conversion: \(\overrightarrow{J}=\begin{pmatrix}\cos \frac{\theta}{2}\\e^{i\phi}\sin \frac{\theta}{2}\end{pmatrix}\). The same can also be noted: \(\cos \frac{\theta}{2}\ket{H}+e^{i\phi}\sin \frac{\theta}{2}\ket{V}\).
For instance, the following defines a polarization with \(\theta=\frac{\pi}{2},\phi=\frac{\pi}{4}\) corresponding to Jones vector: \(\begin{pmatrix}\cos \frac{\pi}{4}\\e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}}\sin \frac{\pi}{4}\end{pmatrix}\)
>>> p = pcvl.Polarization(sp.pi/2, sp.pi/4)
>>> p.project_ev_eh()
(sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)*exp(I*pi/4)/2)
It is also possible to use H, V, D, A, L and R as shortcuts to predefined values:
Code |
\((\phi,\theta)\) |
Jones vector |
|---|---|---|
|
\((0,0)\) |
\(\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}\) |
|
\((\pi,0)\) |
\(\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}\) |
|
\((\frac{\pi}{2},0)\) |
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}\) |
|
\((\frac{\pi}{2},\pi)\) |
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\end{pmatrix}\) |
|
\((\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})\) |
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\begin{pmatrix}1\\i\end{pmatrix}\) |
|
\((\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{3\pi}{2})\) |
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\begin{pmatrix}1\\-i\end{pmatrix}\) |
>>> p = pcvl.Polarization("D")
>>> p.theta_phi
(pi/2, 0)
>>> p.project_ev_eh())
(sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/2)
Defining states with polarization is then simply to use the Annotation P:
>>> st2 = pcvl.BasicState("|{P:H},{P:V}>")
>>> st2 = pcvl.BasicState("|{P:(sp.pi/2,sp.pi/3)>")
If polarization is used for any photon in the state, the state is considered as using polarization:
>>> pcvl.BasicState("|{P:H},0,{P:V}>").has_polarization
True
>>> pcvl.BasicState("|{P:V},0,1>").has_polarization
True
>>> pcvl.BasicState("|1,0,1>").has_polarization
False
Note
To simplify the notation:
linear polarization can be defined with a single parameter:
{P:sp.pi/2}is equivalent to{P:(sp.pi/2,0}if the polarization annotation is omitted for some photons, these photons will be considered as having a horizontal polarization.
See Polarization Object code documentation.